| Quantity: | |
|---|---|
Fe: 98.0-99.0
C: 0.75-0.88
Mn: 0.60-0.90
S: ≤0.05
P: ≤0.04
Tensile strength: approximately 650 - 880 MPa
Yield strength: approximately 350 - 550 MPa
Elongation: about 8% - 25%
Fatigue strength: about 300 - 360 MPa
Young's modulus: approximately 190 - 200 GPa
Hardness: Brinell hardness is approximately 220 - 260
Thermal expansion coefficient (Thermal expansion): 11.0-14.7 microns/meter·K (10^-6/K) in the temperature range of 20-700°C.
Thermal conductivity:
At 0°C, the thermal conductivity is approximately 50.5 W/m·K, At 200°C, the thermal conductivity is approximately 46.8 W/m·K.
Specific heat: In the temperature range of 50-400°C, 486 J/Kg·K - 599 J/Kg·K.
Resistivity: At 20°C, the resistivity is approximately 0.18 μΩ·m.
Melting temperature: 1450-1510°C.
Density: 7700 kg/m³
Normalizing: usually performed at 830°C (1525°F)
Annealing: performed at 790-845°C (1450-1550°F)
Quenching: Heating to 815°C (1500°F) and then quenching with water or oil
Tempering: The quenched steel is tempered in the temperature range 205-650°C (400-1200°F)
Typical forging temperature is 1205°C (2200°F)
Spring steel represents the pinnacle of engineering materials when it comes to applications that demand elastic behavior and the ability to store and release mechanical energy. It is a carefully formulated alloy that combines the base properties of steel with specific enhancements to meet the exacting requirements of spring - related functions. Developed through years of research and innovation, spring steel has become an essential material in modern manufacturing, enabling the creation of reliable and efficient spring - based systems across multiple industries. Its unique characteristics make it capable of withstanding the rigors of continuous deformation, ensuring the long - term performance and functionality of the products it is incorporated into.
1. Exceptional Strength - Elasticity Balance: Spring steel strikes an optimal balance between strength and elasticity. It has high tensile strength, allowing it to withstand significant loads without breaking, while also maintaining the flexibility to deform and return to its original shape. This balance is crucial for springs, as they need to be strong enough to support the intended load and elastic enough to provide the necessary spring action. By precisely controlling the composition and processing of spring steel, manufacturers can achieve the desired strength - elasticity ratio for different applications.
2. Corrosion Resistance: Many modern spring steels are engineered with enhanced corrosion - resistant properties. Alloying elements like chromium and nickel are added to the steel matrix to form a protective oxide layer on the surface, which helps prevent rust and corrosion. This is especially important in applications where springs are exposed to moisture, chemicals, or harsh environmental conditions. For example, in marine applications or outdoor equipment, corrosion - resistant spring steel ensures the longevity and reliability of springs, reducing the risk of failure due to corrosion - induced weakening.
3. Dimensional Stability: Spring steel exhibits excellent dimensional stability, meaning it maintains its shape and size even after repeated cycles of loading and unloading. This property is essential for springs, as any dimensional changes can affect their performance and the overall functionality of the system they are part of. Through advanced manufacturing processes and heat - treatment techniques, spring steel can be produced with tight dimensional tolerances, ensuring consistent performance and interchangeability of springs.
4. Heat - Resistance: Some types of spring steel are designed to withstand high - temperature environments. By incorporating specific alloying elements and using specialized heat - treatment processes, these spring steels can retain their mechanical properties and elasticity at elevated temperatures. This makes them suitable for applications such as automotive exhaust systems, industrial engines, and high - temperature machinery, where springs need to operate reliably in hot conditions.
1. Industrial Machinery: In industrial machinery, spring steel is used in a wide variety of components, including conveyor systems, presses, and robotic arms. Springs made from spring steel are used to provide tension, control movement, and absorb shock in these machines. For example, in a stamping press, spring steel - based springs help return the press ram to its original position after each cycle, ensuring smooth and efficient operation. The high fatigue resistance and strength of spring steel make it ideal for withstanding the heavy loads and repeated stresses in industrial machinery applications.
2. Medical Devices: Spring steel plays a crucial role in the medical device industry. It is used in various applications, such as surgical instruments, orthopedic implants, and diagnostic equipment. Springs made from spring steel are used in surgical forceps and scissors to provide the necessary grip and cutting action. In orthopedic implants, spring steel can be used for components that require flexibility and strength, such as spinal implants or joint replacement parts. The biocompatibility and corrosion - resistance of certain spring steels make them suitable for use in the human body, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical devices.
3. Sports Equipment: In sports equipment, spring steel is used to enhance performance and durability. For example, in golf clubs, spring steel is used in the shafts to provide flexibility and power transfer during the swing. In bicycles, spring steel is used in suspension systems to absorb shocks and vibrations, improving the rider's comfort and control. The high - strength and elastic properties of spring steel allow sports equipment manufacturers to create products that offer optimal performance and a competitive edge to athletes.
Fe: 98.0-99.0
C: 0.75-0.88
Mn: 0.60-0.90
S: ≤0.05
P: ≤0.04
Tensile strength: approximately 650 - 880 MPa
Yield strength: approximately 350 - 550 MPa
Elongation: about 8% - 25%
Fatigue strength: about 300 - 360 MPa
Young's modulus: approximately 190 - 200 GPa
Hardness: Brinell hardness is approximately 220 - 260
Thermal expansion coefficient (Thermal expansion): 11.0-14.7 microns/meter·K (10^-6/K) in the temperature range of 20-700°C.
Thermal conductivity:
At 0°C, the thermal conductivity is approximately 50.5 W/m·K, At 200°C, the thermal conductivity is approximately 46.8 W/m·K.
Specific heat: In the temperature range of 50-400°C, 486 J/Kg·K - 599 J/Kg·K.
Resistivity: At 20°C, the resistivity is approximately 0.18 μΩ·m.
Melting temperature: 1450-1510°C.
Density: 7700 kg/m³
Normalizing: usually performed at 830°C (1525°F)
Annealing: performed at 790-845°C (1450-1550°F)
Quenching: Heating to 815°C (1500°F) and then quenching with water or oil
Tempering: The quenched steel is tempered in the temperature range 205-650°C (400-1200°F)
Typical forging temperature is 1205°C (2200°F)
Spring steel represents the pinnacle of engineering materials when it comes to applications that demand elastic behavior and the ability to store and release mechanical energy. It is a carefully formulated alloy that combines the base properties of steel with specific enhancements to meet the exacting requirements of spring - related functions. Developed through years of research and innovation, spring steel has become an essential material in modern manufacturing, enabling the creation of reliable and efficient spring - based systems across multiple industries. Its unique characteristics make it capable of withstanding the rigors of continuous deformation, ensuring the long - term performance and functionality of the products it is incorporated into.
1. Exceptional Strength - Elasticity Balance: Spring steel strikes an optimal balance between strength and elasticity. It has high tensile strength, allowing it to withstand significant loads without breaking, while also maintaining the flexibility to deform and return to its original shape. This balance is crucial for springs, as they need to be strong enough to support the intended load and elastic enough to provide the necessary spring action. By precisely controlling the composition and processing of spring steel, manufacturers can achieve the desired strength - elasticity ratio for different applications.
2. Corrosion Resistance: Many modern spring steels are engineered with enhanced corrosion - resistant properties. Alloying elements like chromium and nickel are added to the steel matrix to form a protective oxide layer on the surface, which helps prevent rust and corrosion. This is especially important in applications where springs are exposed to moisture, chemicals, or harsh environmental conditions. For example, in marine applications or outdoor equipment, corrosion - resistant spring steel ensures the longevity and reliability of springs, reducing the risk of failure due to corrosion - induced weakening.
3. Dimensional Stability: Spring steel exhibits excellent dimensional stability, meaning it maintains its shape and size even after repeated cycles of loading and unloading. This property is essential for springs, as any dimensional changes can affect their performance and the overall functionality of the system they are part of. Through advanced manufacturing processes and heat - treatment techniques, spring steel can be produced with tight dimensional tolerances, ensuring consistent performance and interchangeability of springs.
4. Heat - Resistance: Some types of spring steel are designed to withstand high - temperature environments. By incorporating specific alloying elements and using specialized heat - treatment processes, these spring steels can retain their mechanical properties and elasticity at elevated temperatures. This makes them suitable for applications such as automotive exhaust systems, industrial engines, and high - temperature machinery, where springs need to operate reliably in hot conditions.
1. Industrial Machinery: In industrial machinery, spring steel is used in a wide variety of components, including conveyor systems, presses, and robotic arms. Springs made from spring steel are used to provide tension, control movement, and absorb shock in these machines. For example, in a stamping press, spring steel - based springs help return the press ram to its original position after each cycle, ensuring smooth and efficient operation. The high fatigue resistance and strength of spring steel make it ideal for withstanding the heavy loads and repeated stresses in industrial machinery applications.
2. Medical Devices: Spring steel plays a crucial role in the medical device industry. It is used in various applications, such as surgical instruments, orthopedic implants, and diagnostic equipment. Springs made from spring steel are used in surgical forceps and scissors to provide the necessary grip and cutting action. In orthopedic implants, spring steel can be used for components that require flexibility and strength, such as spinal implants or joint replacement parts. The biocompatibility and corrosion - resistance of certain spring steels make them suitable for use in the human body, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical devices.
3. Sports Equipment: In sports equipment, spring steel is used to enhance performance and durability. For example, in golf clubs, spring steel is used in the shafts to provide flexibility and power transfer during the swing. In bicycles, spring steel is used in suspension systems to absorb shocks and vibrations, improving the rider's comfort and control. The high - strength and elastic properties of spring steel allow sports equipment manufacturers to create products that offer optimal performance and a competitive edge to athletes.
